Urban sustainability free essay sample

Urban sustainability Name Instructor In the global context, Urbanization is viewed as an essential trend for development for a couple of decades to come, this is especially the case in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asian countries. Cities in mentioned regions as well as other parts of the world are predicted to promote sustainable development of their respective nations. This is supported by the knowledge that urbanization if well-articulated can enhance economic and social well-being of nations; since the urban centers provide the facilities for production. Therefore, sustainability should be incorporated in all urban evelopment plans in order to promote investments for middle and low-income members of the society. The developments should address the present and future needs of rural and urban regions of the society (Fitzgerald,J. 2010). At the moment, approximately half the Worlds population live in urban centers. Analysts project that by 2030, there will be an increase of more than one billion urban residents and by the year 2050, urban population will be between 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban sustainability or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page to 3 billion people. Hence, the urban managers should develop sustainability mechanisms to accommodate the rising urban population. Sustainability and overall development of an urban center entail enhancing the capacity of urban residents to improve their livelihood, it involves conserving the of the existing public utilities. A citys development plan should therefore, incorporate not only the physical expansion but also give the best approaches for ensuring sustainability. Therefore, a comprehensive and most efficient urban plan provides methods to realize development objectives, establishes an appropriate and unique urban environment that benefit both the present and future residents of the city. In ddition, urban sustainability also enhance accountability and transparency in the management of the urban utilities and resources. This in turn promote compliance to the existing by-laws and policies thereby, minimizing environmental degradation and pollution. In this regard, urban sustainability refers to the multi-disciplinary and cross sector approach that provide the practical use and integration of citizens in the planning process, decision making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of urban projects. This promotes feasible, long-term, as well as self-sustaining urban projects and settings. In this instance, sustainability may relate to the use of natural resources and best practices in development of urban environment, which does not compromise the ability of future generations to practice further development or meet their own needs. It refers to the development that integrates inter and intra generational equity. In order to realize urban sustainability, the planners adopt a political processes that incorporates the views and opinions, public concerns, contributions and expertise advice of local leaders, special interest groups including; women, children, the disabled and the old. The approach requires the coordination f various experts and officials from different fields such as architectures, natural resource conservation and management, transportation sector, trade and industry and the Non-Governmental organizations. They sequentially form a team which monitor and advice the residents on the long term sustainability as well as the environmental and demographic changes of the urban environment Over the past decades, there has been debates about making urban development further viable. However, Just as the debates on general sustainability, there is no effort to explain and quantify the real meaning of the term urban sustainability. Currently, it is estimated that the total population of people living in urban environments is over 50%. This is expected to reach about 70% by 2050 (World Health Organization). The Food and Agricultural Organization also explains that the rate of water use is slightly twice the rate of population growth, making water a fragile and scarce commodity. Thus, there exists major concerns to promote sustainability of the urban centers. Nevertheless, the aforementioned issues should not raise an alarm because the vitality of urban centers provides major opportunities for sustainable development. It is clear that sustainable urban development has adequate potential to generate good Jobs and provide better livelihoods to urban residents. This is in turn is coupled with significant improvement in social well-being and economic growth; besides, sustainability also enhances the protection of environmental as well as resource use, it promotes protection of local and trans-boundary ecosystems. In addition, this helps reduce both the rural and urban poverty, and subsequently management of urban resources and development is difficult to address, and have long lasting impacts on the physical environment of urban centers. This may cause the growth of slums, and as a result, exclusion, inequalities and social unrest start to develop. Current efforts by both the private sector and governments to reduce negative environmental impacts of the cities and the urban development are well elaborated. However, it is difficult to explain if their interventions are sensible or not. In most instances, governments propose and implement projects without the full consideration of their economic and technical efficiency. For example, the desalination plants constructed in major Australian towns to provide other sources of ater is neither economically nor technically efficient method of water provision. Perhaps, appropriate and sustainable urban development models for world cities should address both economic and technological efficiency principles. That is, the methodology should aim at minimizing the pollution and damage to the physical environment. The models should as well maximize the economic efficiency while on the other hand promote sustainable use of resources and production. Urban sustainability principles highlight reduction in carbon emissions and related energy wastage during consumption. In broad view, it also entails reducing the water wastage and unnecessary demand. As a major approach to city development, it promotes the adoption and sustainable use of resources and limits waste generation. Urban sustainability facilitates appropriate waste management; this encompasses the adoption of 3Rs namely; reduce, re-use and recycling of wastes. These changes are expected to go along with similar adjustments in the socio-economic performance aspects of the development projects and activities (Schaffer, D. 010). Case study The City of Vancouvesr. Vancouver city is one of the clean cities in Canada and the whole world. The work highlights the strategies taken by the city administration and mayor of the city to improve its sustainability. To date, Vancouver is one the greenest cities in the world, it also provide high standards of living for the residents based on the availability of the best services and utilities in addition to the clean city environment. In the earlier years, the city depended on the implementation and recommendations of the Clouds of Change report of 1990. This report gave the guidelines and actions for reducing emissions especially the carbon emissions from manufacturing firms. After five years, he urban planners developed a comprehensive City Plan of 1995. The plan among other concerns aimed at providing guidelines to the local government and city residents so as to develop efficient and sustainable urban communities. In addition, the city management adopted The Vancouver Greenways Plan. This plan enabled the development of supplementary cycling and walking opportunities, this enhanced the safety of city residents along major highways. Thus, the plan contributed to sustainability of the city by reducing injuries and accidents along the streets, roads and highways. As a follow up, the city administration adopted a n all-inclusive ransportation plan in 1997, the plan gave emphasis to walking, transit and cycling. occurrence of accidents. In order to make Vancouver better and enhance sustainability of the city, the mayor formed the Cool Vancouver Task Force in 2002. The main aim of the task force was to assist in developing action plans to address climate change and related impacts on urban settlements and infrastructure. These action enabled Vancouver to become The Climate-Friendly City in the world. In 2005, the task force helped draft incorporating a wide-ranging corporate climate change action plan for city operations. This detailed plan provided elaborate information relating to changes that the Vancouver council was supposed make as well as the sustainable projects to be implemented both in the present and the future. Plans addressed relevant adjustments in different sectors of the economy, education, transportation, clean production mechanisms and waste management. To further promote sustainability of Vancouver city, the local authority passed the Eco Density in 2008. This activity provided a landmark in enhancing urban sustainability because; it promotes more sustainable urban planning processes. The plan attempts o encourage a formula of densification that is economically, socially and environmentally friendly. It facilitates the reduction of the citys undesirable impacts and ecological footprint. Among other concerns, Eco-Density also encourages the adaptive reuse of already prevailing buildings, the development of additional secondary housing units and the creation of new housing designs that are more responsive to current development standards that are considered sustainable. To cap it all and facilitate urban sustainability, the management of the city needed to establish long lasting approaches to urbanization. The methodologies should address all aspects of development together with social, environment and economic aspects of development. In this regards, the mayor passed the Green Rezoning Policy in 2010, this policy makes it mandatory that all new rezoning for buildings should include LEED standards and all constructions should ensure compliance with the standards. This has gone a long way to minimize hazards at construction sites. Besides, it significantly contributes to reducing disasters that can result to property damage, property loss or death of city residents. The LEEDS standards ensures that ll new buildings constructions made in Vancouver are safe, disaster proof and more energy efficient. Hence, it promotes sustainability of the houses as well as Vancouver City in general (Greater Vancouver greenguide,2006) Regardless of the numerous benefits of urban sustainability, achieving urban sustainability is difficult because of the numerous significant challenges in creating sustainable structures so as to promote urban development. For instance, existing social structures, infrastructures as well as transportation modalities in most cases characterize an enormous economic investment. This is the case because, these infrastructural equipment were built to last for many more years hence replacing them require the significant country spending. Consequently, Political challenges and differences also arise. Often, it is more challenging to persuade citizens living in a democratic society and the government to destroy or replace their buildings and other infrastructures since it will tamper with the well-being of people for a certain period. Other challenges also arise from the private sector, for example organizations and can oppose various adjustments because of their self-interest. This is because they have an investment urban centers more sustainable and safe. This requires improving life of the urban residents within the capacity of the respective urban centers finite resources. In particular, the needs of the present generation must be addressed without affecting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. References Fitzgerald, J. (2010). Emerald cities: urban sustainability and economic development. New York: Oxford University Press. Greater Vancouver greenguide: [seeding sustainability].. (2006). Vancouver: Design Centre for sustainability at IJBC.

Write Sarahs account of her relationship with Billy Prior Essay Example

Write Sarahs account of her relationship with Billy Prior Essay Example Write Sarahs account of her relationship with Billy Prior Paper Write Sarahs account of her relationship with Billy Prior Paper Write Sarahs account of her relationship with Billy Prior. You should aim to create and authentic voice of Sarah, which builds on Barkers presentation of her character and captures aspects of the written chosen form, structure and language. This bloody train, how can it possibly take so long to get it movingAnd crowds! I just hate them! The constant crying of that baby just seems to irritate every nerve in my body, is it so difficult to satisfy a child, and keep it quiet!? This sickening feeling of being cramped up against bodies is beginning to make me feel as though I just walked back into that awfully retained hospital once again. And that revolting smell of body sweat, from the old man who was just inches away from, physical contact. Well. At least I managed, half suffocated and completely exhausted to spare myself a seat, squeezing me through the little space provided; I practically dragged myself into the nearest seat. Now having a space of my own after, finally catching my breath. Thankfully the trains finally moving, only realizing through the sudden knock of the track; and the clouds of black smoke that continuously belched into the sky. I sat surprisingly relieved, gazed out of the steamed window, searching for desperate need of help. Just as I felt the thought of Billy slip away from my mind; the depressed storm bellowed outside and I just couldnt help but think about our delightful adventurous day out, all the wonderful momentsThe beach, our own little trip up to the forest, and his sneaky venture up to my room. Ha, ha, he does make me laugh; showing his eagerness to climb up into the window, standing there pulling all the faces that you could possibly think of. Not realizing that I had laughed aloud and being stared at suspiciously by others that surrounded me. Yet I could not help restricting myself from the thought of Billys face, as he dragged himself up to my window; his cheeky face steadily modifying its color, putting that great smile back on my face. It was just like romeo and juliet. Except Romeo isnt such a War leaching person, its a shame really. When Billy and I met one another it made me feel like I actually exist in this world. He made me feel like I should appreciate myself. Hes such a polite, young gentle man. A bit forceful though, an I like it this way kind of man. He was ever so polite to me, hed given me a sense of sensitivity and warmth, and Ive never felt anything like it before. He made me feel secure, I felt like he had been another chance for me to put myself back on track; after what happened, I dont think I could accept another death in my life. But my attempts to persuade Mam didnt work. She couldnt accept the fact that I had found someone new in my life. I couldnt even convince her to say hello. It hadnt been such a good idea to have taken him to see Mam. Its not like she helped the situation anyway, that malicious woman! Theres nothing nothing thats she ever approves of me for. She just sat there goading him along like a bull! I really dont think that I could ever forgive her, not even if I tried! Who does she think she is!? She sits there with her cup of tea and rambles on about how theres no such thing as true love Judging him before shes even introduced to him, let alone knowing who he is! I knew it! I just knew that I shouldnt have taken him to see her! Yet he was so eager to see her, what must he think of me now? How could I be so selfish! I dont even know where he went; I just left him, my frustration just seeded through my veins, Just thinking how offensive Mam was, it just made me tremble all over the place. The fury in her eyes, her soft voice suddenly transformed to a shameful deepened tone. I couldnt bare to think how Prior must have felt. I feel ever so sorry for him. What must he be thinking? I continued contemplating about Billy, predicting how he must be so furious at me; whether he still wants me; what hell say to me when I see him. That is, if I see him. The train came to a sudden halt, only to continue this ghastly screeching sound as we approached yet another, wet, busy station; which predictably encouraged the baby to scream even louder. Its making my head ache, almost feeling although it was about to explode, into tiny little molecules. I was beginning to wonder whether Well. Can I actually handle the fact that Billy is ill? I mean. Well, Ive seen what hes like when he gets these horrifying nightmares. He cant control himself! His almost like another person. I dont think I could even possibly consider bringing my children up around something like that, and then theres his asthma attacks, he just doesnt know how to control it. Hes longing to get himself back to that godforsaken place to that pointless war out front. His illness is getting more severe by the day, and he just doesnt see it. I couldnt bear to handle the thought of bringing up his children while hes out there! Its suicideHe just doesnt understand it! He doesnt seem to appreciate what already has. When I come to think about it, maybe I shouldnt have been so harsh on Mam sometimes I understand why she was being so protective. I shouldnt have confronted her. Everything shes done for me, shes virtually saved my life. Keeping me inside all those nights away from them mean men. She was strict. Yes. Of cause, why wouldnt she be? But I see now. I see that I needed a mother like her, and that I took advantage of it all. I should be proud to have a mam like her. How do I know what true love is?Its not like Ive ever had the satisfaction of the true experience, is it?! Im just that typical, young, working class girl, living on her own, no children, no life, nothing! Just little,Sarah Lumb, the working class munition-ette worker! It isnt that bad is it? At least I dont go out wandering into a war, like young Billy wanting to get myself killed! Look at all them poor souls at Craiglockhart! Its dreadful to see so many, innocent, young men have half of their bodies blown to pieces! Just the thought of it makes we quiver. Its horrible. And yet, there you get people like these, sitting on the train; socializing, laughing along to pathetic, hideous jokes; its like lifes a fun, colorful game for them, strolling around like theres nothing happening! I just wish I could do something! Anything! I dont understand how life can still go on for these people, I know mine has long gone; the moment I left Billy. Ok. I know how silly it was of me to start rowing with Billy, but he brought it on himself, and seemed the right decision at the time. So I left, at that moment I felt his eyes follow me, as I left the house; I could see his shocked impression through the reflection of the mirror. I continued, not knowing where I was going. And here I am. I dont actually know where he is now, nor how hes going to get back. That is if he does decide to come back.

Political socialization is a very important process that creates and Essay

Political socialization is a very important process that creates and conveys the political culture of a society. Examine one of - Essay Example The primary source of that information comes from the media. While the media in most western countries runs independently from government regulation within boundaries, it increasingly seems that they are not communicating all sides of any given story. When it comes to politics, the media becomes critical. Messages and information are disseminated through various media outlets including the television, Internet, and newspapers. Consumers, or private citizens, depend on this information since it allows them to formulate important decisions about who they feel should best govern the nation. As such, in recent years it appears that media has been more and more important to the political landscape of a country. They can shape policy and see to it that certain people are elected to office. It is indeed a big task, and media companies need to realize their responsibility to balanced and fair reporting of all of the facts, not just those that they feel will shape the course of the country in the direction they want to head. The media should provide reliable information, faithful reporting, and neutral guidance through the television, Internet, and newspapers because it is important that they convey positive information and do not misguide or leave out important information that the population needs to hear. The Influence of Television Since the days of black and white television, the media has had a profound impact on the political life in society. Television was the format where politicians were able to speak to the country. In fact, it was back in 1960 that America had its first Presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon. Millions of people tuned in to hear what each candidate had to say. The impact should be obvious. In countries as populated at the United States, or as spread out geographically as Canada, people running for political office depend on the television to get their message out to the masses quickly. In addition, political parties and action groups depend on television advertising to point out their particular policies and why they feel the public should support their agenda. Another way that television impacts the political socialization of a country is through the actual political news that they choose to report and the spin that they put on certain topics. All three of these aspects combine to dictate the shape of politics, to a large degree, throughout much of the world. Let us analyze that first presidential debate. Many considered Richard Nixon a near certainty to win the election, but Kennedy dominated the series of debates broadcast on television. In addition, his campaign instituted a series of catchy jingles that caught the nation’s attention from coast to coast. Television enabled the charisma that was Kennedy to be displayed to the entire nation, rather then simply being delegated to a series of political rallies in select locations. At the same time, Nixon could not do the same. Television di d not display him well, he underperformed in the debates, and his campaign never seemed to generate the same media attention that Kennedy’s did. In this manner, the media, in the form of television, almost single handedly delivered the election to Kennedy. He did not win a landslide victory, to be certain, but the amount of victory can largely be attributed to the influence of television (Mayer, 2007, p. 32). It is not only individual

The final exam is a case study that you need to read and submit a Essay

The final exam is a case study that you need to read and submit a written analysis not exceeding 3 single spaced pages. The cas - Essay Example The goals and vision of the company shows the reason behind the measures which it took and how it apologized to its customers for its ignorance of the issue of child labor (Bartlett, Dessain, and Sjoman, 1-12). COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS Child labor has always been the focus of attention for different NGO’s. The retailers and other businesses associate themselves with producers working in the developing countries so that the cost of production can be reduced. The producers operating in such areas do not follow the laws or protect the rights of the children. The development of IKEA exhibits the sheer hard work of its founder. From a small mail order organization the company developed into a global retailer over the years. The company set some basic sourcing principles and outsourced its production processes for meeting the demand. This also allowed IKEA in reducing the cost of the products and expanding their sales prominently. IKEA also took continuous measure for expanding the bu siness. With the evolving business the culture and the values of the business expanded. This developed strong ground for the business allowing it to expand in different industries. The management emphasized on simplicity and focused on paying attention to the minor details (Bartlett, Dessain, and Sjoman, 1-12). ... The shockwave of this problem created hurdles for the business. Facing this problem and understanding that India, Pakistan and Nepal were not the signatories of this clause the business added a new clause in the supply contract. This stopped the suppliers from using labor for the production of goods. This type of monitoring was difficult so services of a Scandinavian company were hired for the purpose of quality assurance. The early lesson associated to the organization was that deeply imbedded to the problem the management had to take actions for the process. Different NGO’s, UN organizations and the carpet export organizations took measures for highlighting such issues so that the problems could be dealt with. While the organization was on the verge of dealing with this problem the business realized that a new issue took place. The German television made an investigative documentary which showed that Rangan exports one of the major suppliers of IKEA as using child labor for the production process. This created new problems for the company as it was the only company amongst the large retailers facing such problem. From the suggestions the company acted in cutting off the deal with the supplier. The measures which were analyzed showed that IKEA apologized to the industry and its customers for its ignorance and failing to acknowledge that they were unaware of the fact. This showed the social responsiveness of the business and prescribed that the organization gives heed to the social issues even at the opportunity cost of business profits (Bartlett, Dessain, and Sjoman, 1-12). The summary of the testaments which the business has made for defining the core values of the

Wardrobe Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wardrobe Reaction Paper - Essay Example I believe that remaining cool and cozy is most important and this is the reason why I am at my best with jeans, T-shirt and sneakers, wearing them as and when I need. For bumming around, I am usually in my shorts and spaghetti straps because that is the best time of my day (or even night). I use slippers to go around the house and be at my very best. My wardrobe communicates to me a sense of ease and coziness. I am of what I am and that is depicted easily through my wardrobe which makes me proud of the same. This is clear through my emphasis on a lot of T-shirts and jeans, as specific examples. Others react to certain items of my wardrobe in a very positive way. My friends think that I represent cool-ness from the onset, as I have literally everything that puts me at absolute comfort and ease. This is apparent in the examples of my sneakers, T-shirts and jeans which are branded and thus provide me extra comfort on nearly all occasions whenever I don them. To convey a mood or to wear an impression, I usually find the most apt attire. This could be a T-shirt when I am feeling all good about my own self or even a spaghetti strap when I am in the mood to go for a dinner with my colleagues.

Theories in Comparative Politics

Theories in Comparative Politics Michelle Elaine Mora Take Home Final Exam Section I: Identifications Necessary and Sufficient Conditions Necessary and sufficient conditions are causation conditions that became known as Mills Method.[1] Necessary and sufficient conditions are significant because they allow a scientific/cause/effect way to study politics. A necessary condition is defined as a circumstance where the absence in an event, the event cannot occur. It can also be present in the event, but the event can still not occur. For example, gas has to be present to start a car, but a car could still possibly not start if gas is present. A sufficient condition is defined as if the cause is present, the event must occur. The event could possibly still occur without the cause though. For example, if an alarm goes off in the morning, the person will wake up, put it is possible that the person will wake up regardless of the alarm clock. Necessary and sufficient condition is that the event will occur, if and only if, the cause is present. Social vs. Liberal Market Economy-Social market economy is defined as an economic system in which industry and commerce are run by private enterprise within limits set by the government to ensure equality of opportunity and social and environmental responsibility.[2] Features in a social market economy, are that it has highly coordinated business communities, strong unions, collective bargaining systems for wages, benefits and other workplace rights. A social market economy works in a large welfare state where there are extensive public precision of social welfare and employment protection. Example of a social market economies are Germany and Finland. A liberal market economy is one that is non-market based coordination; it allows for free market without government intervention. Features of a liberal market economy are it is uncoordinated, has a competitive business environment, weak union, utilizes fragment bargaining with labor and capital, and is a residual welfare state. Examples of a liberal market economy is the US and Canada.[3] Social and liberal economies are important because they provide two different ways to approach economy. Dictators Dilemma The dictator’s dilemma is defined as an authoritarian’s ruler’s repression on its citizens creates fear, which then breeds uncertainty about how such support the ruler has. In response, the rulers spend more resources than is ration to co-opt the opposition. The greater the repression, the greater the dilemma.[4] The dictator spends multiple resources on areas where they feel may have some sort of threat to the regime. An example of the dictator’s dilemma is in African authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 70s, certain areas were lavished with infrastructure for the dictator to gain support. The dictators dilemma is significant because it explains how dictators never truly know how much support they have and helps understand how dictators try and gain/keep support for themselves to remain dictators. Cap and Trade System-The cap and trade systems, which is an incentive based system, is defined as a market based pollution control system in which the government sets an overall limit on how much pollution is acceptable and issues vouchers to pollute, to each company. Then each company is free to trade their vouchers.[5] For example, if one company faces high costs to reduce their pollution levels they can buy more pollution vouchers from other companies that are able to have low pollution levels at a low cost. Critique of the cap and trade system is that there will be a high level of pollution at certain sources. For example, if a company has high pollution vouchers and are located up river, the down river will have a high concentration of pollution. The cap and trade system is significant because it is one of the most successful incentive systems and it keeps pollution low. Four Types of Welfare Policy There are four types of welfare policy: means-testing, universal entitlements, social insurance, and tax expenditures. Means testing is when someone receives assistance because they have fallen below a certain income line. Means testing policy is funded through general taxation. Many know means testing as â€Å"welfare.† Examples of means testing in the US are SNAP and TANF. Universal entitlements benefits that all citizens receive equally. Universal entitlements are funded through general taxation, as everyone benefits from the policy. An example of universal entitlements in the US is education. As education level goes up, poverty goes down, benefiting every tax payer. Social insurance provides benefits to categories of people who have contributed to the public insurance fund. Examples of public insurance are social security, unemployment insurance, and disability. What people pay in, they get out. Tax expenditures are when the government gives th e citizen a tax break and does not collect taxes for a specific reason. Tax breaks are not paid for by direct government spending, rather by not receiving that money at all. It allows for a citizen to have more disposable income. An example of tax expenditures in the US is the earned income tax credit which aims to lower poverty. [6] Welfare policy is significant because it helps the general welfare of the state. Section II: Essays Essay 1- Comparative politics is defined as the study and comparison of domestic politics across countries.[7] Politics is defined as the struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group.[8] How we study politics has changed over the years and dramatic changes have occurred within the last fifty years alone. Greek philosopher Aristotle is seen as the first person to study politics as a science, but is politics really a science? In the beginning years, scholars who would study politics and government would study it in the same way as philosophy. Scholars mainly focused on describing the government rather than comparing, making generalizations, or offering solutions to problems within politics. This began to change with Aristotle began to research government. Aristotle began to compare research on existing political systems; he compared one hundred fifty-eight Greek city-states and determined the ideal political system. This was an empirical approach that could be verified and retested, making this the first scientific approach to politics.[9] It wasn’t until Nicolli Machiavelli that that the modern day scientific approach to political research began, 1,800 years after Aristotle’s research. Machiavelli’s approach wished to research different political systems of modern day governments but also to compare them to those of the past. Machiavelli then made generalizations about success and fa ilures of different political systems. Machiavelli work then offered solutions to predecessor’s mistakes. Machiavelli’s work was also empirical.[10] Even though Machiavelli is known as the first modern political scientist it wasn’t until the behavioral revolution in 1950-1960’s that scholars began to create theories and generalizations that could help explain and even predict political activity.[11] Throughout history the way politics is studied has changed dramatically, but is studying politics in a scientific way possible? Is it really science? Simply stated, yes, politics can be studied as a science. One can create a hypothesis, come to conclusions through qualitative or quantitative research, have independent and dependent variables, and make recommendations based on research all by using the same scientific method used in hard sciences such as biology and chemistry. An example of research using the scientific method is â€Å"The Correlates of Nuclear Proliferation: A Quantitative Test,† by Sonali Singh and Christopher R. Way. Researchers Singh and Way’s hypothesis is that there are three different stages on the path to weaponization of nuclear weapons technology. They then created dependent and independent variables (democracy and democratization economic interdependence and liberalization, statues inconsistency/symbolic motivations). The authors then did quantitative testing with statistical methods and came to the conclusion that nuclear weapons proliferation is strongly associated with the level of econo mic development, the external threat environment, lack of great power security guarantees, an low level of integration in the world economy.[12] Through this example, one can see how the scientific method can be applied to political/ comparative research as well. There are some disadvantages to doing political research as a science. For example, it is possible that there is selection bias, there are limited numbers of cases, unable to control variables, unable to make cause/effect relationship, and access to cases is limited. Even though there are disadvantages to studying politics as a science, the advantages of being able to draw conclusions and make recommendations on policy, government systems, etc, it is the most appropriate way to study politics and comparative politics. Essay 2- One of the greatest policy challenges facing is post-colonial states is political sovereignty. Globalization, as it is a form of imperialism, makes this problem harder to solve because of its history within these countries and there current presence or non-presence in some. Globalization is defined as a process whereby extensive and intensive webs of relationships connect people across time and space. In countries such as those in Latin America who lived under Spain when they were colonized then soon after gaining independence were imperialized by the united states have struggled to maintain a democracy and maintain political sovereignty without third world countries trying to step in and create their own forms of government or play big brother to these countries, ultimately leaving them worse off than they were before. Some challenges that these countries face in globalization in post colonialism include such things as setting up their own democracy, creating their own economy, and attempting to prosper in a fast growing third world. They also had conflicts over nation, ethnicity, religion, gender, and equality. The biggest challenge is how these countries keep their political sovereignty without letting globalization affect them. [1] W. R. Clark, M. Golder, and S. N. Golder, Principles of  Comparative Politics.CQ Press, (Washington D.C, 2009), 21. [2] [3] C. A. Drogus, and S. Orvis, Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in  Context, CQ Press, (Washington, DC, 2012) [4] C. A. Drogus, and S. Orvis, Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in  Context, CQ Press, (Washington, DC, 2012) , 373. [5] 583 [6] 543-545 [7] F. H. O’Neil, Essentials of Comparative Politics, W. W. Norton and Company, (New York, 2010), 2. [8]F. H. O’Neil, Essentials of Comparative Politics, W. W. Norton and Company, (New York, 2010), 3. [9] F. H. O’Neil, Essentials of Comparative Politics, W. W. Norton and Company, (New York, 2010), 7-8. [10] F. H. O’Neil, Essentials of Comparative Politics, W. W. Norton and Company, (New York, 2010), 8. [11] F. H. O’Neil, Essentials of Comparative Politics, W. W. Norton and Company, (New York, 2010), 9. [12] Sonali Singh and Christopher Way, The Correlates of Nuclear Proliferation: A Quantitative Test, Dec, 2004, Accessed, May 1, 2014,

Freckle Juice :: essays research papers

Freckle Juice is a classic children's book written by Judy Blume. Although written in 1971, the story can relate to every new generation of middle school aged children. The book revolves around Andrew Marcus, a freckleless boy with a burning desire to have freckles. His greatest object of envy is Nicky Lane, whom he sits behind in class. Nicky is covered with freckles. Unfortunately, Andrew also shares his classroom with Sharon, a conniving little girl. Once Sharon learns of Andrew's desire to have freckles, she sells him a bogus recipe for "Freckle Juice," which Sharon guarantees will produce freckles. The recipe is a nauseating concoction of kitchen items, including vinegar, onions, and mustard. When Andrew drinks the "Freckle Juice" he not only becomes violently sick, but fails to get any freckles. Not wanting to return to school still freckleless, Andrew covers his face with blue dots with a magic marker. His classmates find his blue freckles amusing. Then hi s teacher, Miss Kelley, gives him a "secret formula" to remove the "freckles," and stresses to Andrew that he is very handsome with without freckles. Andrew also learns that Nicky is actually envious of him because he doesn't have freckles.I enjoyed reading this book. I feel that someone in any age group could read the story, enjoy it, and understand the value of self concept and self esteem that it emphasizes. Nearly every human finds a flaw in them whether it is obesity, mannerisms, language, or not having freckles! This story encourages people to see themselves as others do, and to appreciate the qualities they possess. I strongly feel that Freckle Juice would be an important component to teach in the middle grade classroom. Children at this age level can feel extremely self conscious of their appearance, as they are evolving from adolescence to puberty.

Organization and Management Analysis Essay

Organizational and management analysis are an essential part of organizational environment. In the modern world, working environment characteristics are team work, delegation, information technology interfaces, which have an impact on the effectiveness of organization and management. This helps in cost reduction, decrease in environmental waste, improved employee satisfaction and an increase in overall productivity. To have an organizational and management analysis review of organizational charts, meeting with department managers, executives or board members, and an organizational survey is necessary (Jones, 2006). A multi-dimensional examination of organizational and management analysis gives a complete picture of the actual situation which can be a starting point. This paper is to describe various organizational theories, compares management theories and styles, and explains which organizational theory and management style resembles our organization. Also, this paper explains what could be changed to make our organization better. Organizational Theories Organizational theory is to identify how they solve problems and how they maximize efficiency and productivity. These theories mostly derived from the activities of successful organizations. All of these theories contributes to the overall understanding of management. As in any other theories organizational theories provide the basis for ongoing research and application of human behavior in organizational settings. Classical Organizational Theory Focus on the theories of efficiency. The components include scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Scientific management focus on getting the best from the people, equipment, and business. So that productivity can be increased. In this, the workers got scientifically selected, trained and taught for the work. On the other hand, bureaucratic theory focus on establishing a hierarchy, division of labor, rules, and regulations. In the current world, many of the managers think that bureaucratic theory is a hindrance to employees’ creativity. Administrative theory establishes a set of management principles and functions that applied to the organizations. This serves as a centralized  decision making approach (Coulter & Robbins, 2012). Neoclassical Organization Theory This theory emphasizes effective and sociopsychological aspects of human behaviors in an organization. As we see in many of the current organizations many of the managers motivate, lead, build trust, work with the team, manage conflicts is all based on the organizational performance approach. The way manager design jobs, work with the employees, the method of communication is general in the behavioral approach. Productivity increases in an environment with coherence of values and purpose. The key is to maintain equilibrium where subordinates respect and believe managerial authority (Chron, 2014). Contingency Theory This is a management approach that recognizes each organization as different, which means that each organization faces different situations and requires different ways of managing. This helps the management to understand that there are no universal rules for managers to follow. Instead of looking into the universal rules, the manager must look on to the individual situation and determine the best and efficient way to manage the situation ideally. Different changing circumstances require managers to use different approaches and techniques. There are no simple or complex rules to follow. Managers are able to take decisions based on the conditions (Coulter & Robbins, 2012). Systems Theory The system theory approach explains that organizations take information form the environment and transforms these resources into outputs into the environment. This theory explains the interrelatedness of all parts of an organization and how one change in one area can affect multiple other parts. In this, all the units work together to achieve the organizational goals. Organization depends upon inputs form capital, government regulations, suppliers, information technology, human resources, to receive the output of financial results, products, services and information (Liebler & McConnel, 2012). Organizational theory suits our Organization The organizational theory that closely resembles our organization is the  Contingency Theory. Adapting to the new changes in the environment is the basis for Contingency theory. This theory is important for managerial and organizational success. We have recently adopted Electronic Medical Records, and we are in the adaptation stage of information technology. Manager takes decision based on the current circumstances, which is logical because the units within our organization differ in size, structure, capacity, work activities, and goals. So a universally acceptable theory will not work in all situations. Different situations require different theories of management. Some situation the division of labor and bureaucracy is desirable which supports the classic theory. Other situations structural design becomes effective. Depends on the situation the manager takes the stand. Contingency theory claims that there is no best way to design an organization. There is no written rule on what is the best or the universal solution for the problems in our organization. There is no best way to organize a corporation or to lead a company. Also, the theory that works in our organization may not work for other organizations (Coulter & Robbins, 2012). Compares Management Theories and Styles Managers communication with the subordinates reflects a cluster of styles which the management styles. Managers use different style in different situations. Generally, we can see one style generally emerges as the predominant mode of interaction. Autocratic manager makes independent decisions without much input from subordinates. The manager clearly dictates what, how, when and where things for the employees there is no room for employee initiatives. An autocratic style is least effective and desirable for motivating employees. Another management style is the bureaucratic management style in which the manager follows the rule and ensures that the employees follow the rules â€Å"as well â€Å". They go by the book and the rules and enforced strictly. In this, the employees enjoy less freedom. No exceptions permitted. Participative management is which the manager makes the final decisions, but the employees are involved in this process. Both the manager and the employees involved in the decision making process. Decision made as a cohesive group interaction. Everyone might not accept managers decision. Another type is the Laissez-faire style in which the manager allows employees to manage their own work. No supervision provided. In this, the  individuals should be self-motivated. This can result in disorganization, chaos and lack of direction. Finally, in Paternalistic style the manager makes the decision to benefit the employees. Manager treats employees like children. In this style, the employees become dependent on their manager (Liebler & McConnell, 2012). Management Theory and Style suits our Organization In our organization, there is no one management style that fits to all situations. In my observation, the manager’s shifts form one style to another when they face different groups and situations. When it comes to the policies and procedures, in my observation it is bureaucratic style, top level managers are following autocratic management style, and my immediate manager has a participative style who consults with the employees for decision making. So far I have not encountered any Laissez-faire management style in our place. In the new hire orientation managers follow paternalistic style. For a successful manager, the management style depends on the given situation. If a work environment does not require any close supervision, the managers may select any styles. When employees are unskilled, autocratic style is most efficient. In the current world, changes impacts the manager’s task. It includes economic and political uncertainty, ethical issues, security threats, and changing technology. All these call for different management styles depends on the manager’s involvement. Changes towards Organizational Advancement Organizations deal with challenges in this worldwide economic climate, changing technology and increased globalization. A manager should understand the critical issues and use skills and abilities during challenging times in an organization. A great manager can change your life, encourage employees professionally and personally, energize people to overcome challenges and instill team spirit. Such a manager can make job enjoyable and productive. Manager should create an environment in which the organization members can work to the best of their abilities and think creatively. In order to make the organization better people should support, coach, and find meaning and fulfilment in work. Also have up-to-date information about the new innovative ideas. It is important to be competitive and sustain in the  business world. Develop the networking ability, communicate effectively and be sincere and genuine with others (Coutler & Robbins, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion as we have seen in any organizational performance, managerial ability is very important in creating organizational values. Different management theories and styles range from prohibiting staff from making any decisions to fully delegating the decision-making power. No management style is consistently effective. Situational factors should be taken into consideration in the selection of an effective and efficient management style. The study of organizational theories and management styles is essential in this modern organizational, working environment. References: Chron. (2014). Organizational Theory. Retrieved from http://http:www.smallbusiness.chron/organizational-theory. Coulter, M. & Robbins, S.P. (2012). Management. (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jones, J. (2006). How to Analyze an Organizational Structure. Retrieved from http://www.smallbusiness.chron.com/analyze-organizational-structure-11818.html. Liebler, J.G. & McConnell C.R. (2012). Management Principles for Health Professionals. (6th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

The Families Assessment in Nursing Essay Example

The Families Assessment in Nursing Essay Example The Families Assessment in Nursing Paper The Families Assessment in Nursing Paper Increasingly nursing is recognizing the significance of the family to the health and well being of individual family members (wright Leahey, 2000). Hatrick (1998) suggests family nursing in undergraduate nursing education will provide nurses with theoretical and practical skills to work effectively with families. This paper will demonstrate the assessment of one family using the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) as well as the Calgary Family Intervention Model (CFIM). The CFAM will provide information on the structural, developmental and functional components of the family. The familys strengths and weaknesses are identified, and the role of a community resource in this familys life is described. This discussion will demonstrate the relationship these concepts have on health and nursing in the family. All member of the family interviewed for this assignment agreed to participate but their names have been changed to ensure confidentiality. The Calgary Family Assessment Model The CFAM is an integrated conceptual framework developed by Wright and Leahey for use when interviewing and making assessment of families. The CFAM consists of three major categories: structural, developmental and functional. Each category contains its own subcategories that may be relevant or appropriate depending on the family being assessed. This assessment focuses on the interaction among all of the individuals withing a family. Structural Category Structural assessment aims to identify who is in the family, relationships among family member and those outside the family, and the familys context. (Wright and Leahey, 2000). The Smith family is a white single parent family consisting of Heather and her two year old daughter Brianna. Briannas father has not lived with them for a year and a half and currently lives two hours away, as do Heathers family. Brianna has weekly contact on the phone with her father and stays with him one weekend a month. Heathers parents divorced when she was thirteen. Her father has remarried and has three daughters from his second marriage. There is no rivalry between Heather and her half-sisters. Heathers mother and elderly grand-parents have weekly contact with the Smiths and are readily available to them both. Support may be financial, emotional or help with childcare. Heather described the relationship with her grandparents as very special. Heather sets the family boundaries at present and feels confident they both have support thru friends and family to discuss any problems that may occur. Heather and Brianna belong to many subsystems within their own family. They both belong to an only child subsystem, a female subsystem and a parent child subsystem. There are larger systems this family has meaningful contact with. These include Heathers work, Briannas daycare, the local health center and the gym. These subsystems all contribute in some way to the health and well being of this family (Wright and Leahey, 2000). As a single mother Heather encompasses the traditional gender roles of both male and female. This involves child-rearing and nurturing as well as financial and disciplining roles. The Smiths moved to the city a year ago hoping to improve choices and opportunities for themselves. Heather works 20 hours a week in a hotel and Brianna is in subsidized daycare 25 hours a week. They live in a large renter house and have a large dog for security. With one income and increased cost of living in the city, the Smiths remain in a lower socioeconomic class. Heather hopes to attend university in the future, but accepts it will be a struggle to meet the rising costs of housing, education and travel for herself and Brianna as a single parent family. Heather expressed no religious or spiritual beliefs that she and Brianna maintain. Developmental Category The focus of this category is on the developmental life cycle stages of the family including the emotional process and changes within family roles (Wright and Leahey, 2000). The Smiths are presently in stage three of the family life cycle, which focuses on families with young children (Santrock, 1997). However, this is relevant to a middle class North American family and assumes there are two parents. The CFAM does not clearly define a life cycle for a single parent family. This model fails to consider differing lifestyles, cultures, population and economics that may affect a family. This highlights a possible need for an updated model that can be adapted to any family situation. There are six stages in this developmental framework. Theses include leaving home, marriage, families with young children, families with adolescents, entries and exits from family system and families in later life. Within each stage there are specific tasks the family undertakes. At stage three these are, making space for children, joining in household tasks and activities and involving extended family in parenting and grand parenting roles (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Heathers life changed considerably after the birth of her daughter. She adjusted her life to meet the responsibilities and needs of parenthood. Briannas father found the adjustment in lifestyle difficult resulting in their separation. Heather continues to provide for Brianna thru parenting, financial support and performing household tasks. Briannas father pays weekly payments that are included in Heathers income. Both parents, contribute to Briannas development as a person. Extended family members provide emotional support and some financial support to Heather and Brianna. Heather feels she has a closer bond with her parents and grandparents now. She encourages Briannas involvement with her father. This has involved a realignment of Heathers relationship with him to provide healthy role models for Brianna. Brianna spends more time with her mother, thus they have a stronger relationship then she does with her father who is under involved with Brianna at present. Heather hopes this will improve. Functional Category Functional assessment focuses on interaction and communication among family members. Two main aspects are instrumental and expressive functioning. Instrumental functioning refers to the routine activities of daily living (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Much of this is attended to by Heather. As Briannas main care giver she is responsible for ensuring her own and her daughters food, hygiene and sleep requirements are met. If Heather is working or unwell she ensures Briannas instrumental needs are met by a friend or extended family member. She encourages Briannas independence with her own self care such as brushing her teeth with a little help, to remove some pressures of being a solo parent. Expressive functioning focuses on patterns of interaction among family members through various means of communication (Wright and Leahey,2000). Heather stated she feels able to express her feelings with Brianna. This was helped by a parenting course and anger management where Heather learnt new ways of expressing her emotions. They showed Heather the impact of circular communication patterns and how they influence relationships. She now uses therapeutic communication skills such as time out and eye contact with Brianna. Use of nonverbal communication was evident throughout the interview. Brianna would watch her mothers body language and facial cues for approval. If Brianna wanted attention she used a combination of touch, speech and eye contact with Heather. The Smiths expressed effective problem solving techniques. Heather discusses any problems with a close friend. For further support or advise she approaches teachers at Briannas daycare, her family, doctor or public health nurse. A possible cause is identified and a plan of action implemented. Heather and her friend later evaluate the situation and seek more help if necessary. Heather stated she finds this effective and this removes some of the pressure of being a the main care giver and a first time parent. As a single parent Heathers role extends beyond being a mother. She appreciates the influence her role may have on Brianna and encourages the relationship with her father and extended family so she can experience a variety of social influences. Since third move to the city, Heather feels the parent child bond with Brianna has strengthened. This is expressed through showing affection, verbally and non verbally as well as with praise for each other. This bond is likely to be stronger as they share a mother child bond and live together away from extended family. Heather uses mostly traditional medicine and trusts the advice of her doctor and public health nurse. Having community Based services and easy access to health services for Brianna and herself makes this the perfect option. Heather occasionally uses alternatives from a health shop for herself, but finds this way to expensive and as a result her choice is limited. Family Strengths Support Systems Supportive relationships and adequate social networks are beneficial to health and well being. This is highly relevant to the Smiths who have a wide network of friends, extended family and social agencies. Friends and family provide emotional and sometimes financial support. Briannas daycare encourages her educational development and gives Heather the opportunity to work. They also help Heather with parenting education and nutritional advice. The local medical center attends to the Smiths physical needs and offers education and advice on health issues such as smoking. All of these support systems contribute to the health and well being of the Smith family. Communication It was evident from the expressive functioning category of the CFAm that the smiths use a variety of communication skills. This is important due to the developmental age of Brianna who may express feelings and emotions in different ways to a grown child or adult. Heather attended a parenting course that aided communication skills to improve their relationship. These skills assisted Heather in completing and anger management course. Heather is now more able and confident in expressing her familys health needs and requirements to benefit them both. Nutrition Eating habits based on moderation and variety can help maintain and improve a persons health. Heather values the importance of nutrition through er own reading, information from Briannas daycare and the public health nurse. She ensures Brianna has protein and calcium to assist her growth and carbohydrates for fibre and energy. They eat regular servings of fresh fruits and vegetable. Heather is aware of the high incidence of osteoporosis and iron deficiency in women and has increased her intake of calcium and red meat to account for this. It is hoped healthy eating in childhood will help Brianna make healthy choices when she grows up and is living on her own. Weaknesses Smoking Heather has smoked for seven years. She finds it comforting and it helps to relieve stress. Studies have shown people in lower socioeconomic groups are more likely to smoke then those of high social class. Heather is aware of the financial and health consequences of smoking and hopes to give it up in the near future with the help of the nicotine patches available at a reduced cost due to her insurance plan from work. Knowing the harmful effects of passive smoking on Brianna and her own health, Heather is determined to give up this unhealthy and expensive habit. Financial The smiths are in a lower socioeconomic class due to their reliance on social services for help with living costs. Although Heather works part time she loses some of her accommodation supplement as a result and has to pay part of Briannas daycare costs. Their move to the city has meant increased housing costs and the cost of education for Brianna greater, making their choices limited. Community Resource The Elspeth Reid Family Resource Center (ERFRC) is an important community resource for the smith family. The center offers, parenting classes, 2 hours of free day care and a thrift store and many other services for families of all different types. They provide family support, early childhood education and care, family counseling and parenting education. Brianna attends daycare five days a week while Heather is at work. This is run by two registered teachers and to teaching assistants. This community resource contributes to the health and well being of the Smiths by providing education that encourages a healthy lifestyle, incorporating physical, mental and social aspects of health. Critical Social Theory Critical social theory was developed in the 1920s by a number of philosophers, at the Frankfurt School in Germany (Boychuck Duchscher, 1999). This theory provides a philosophical framework that aims to liberate individuals to see the conditions in society that constrain their participation in social interaction. It has been identified that there are three practical elements of critical social theory, which are enlightenment, empowerment and emancipation. These elements are useful for nursing practice as a pragmatic approach is required. The theory suggests critical social theory can only be achieved when all three elements are completed. Enlightenment involves encouraging individuals to recognize social conditions and constraints that can influence their social reality (Boychuck Duchscher, 1999). The Smiths have utilized the information on nutrition, parenting and safety. This education has encouraged them to acknowledge the importance of physical, emotional and social factors on their health and well being. Accessing and analyzing this information is the first step towards empowerment. Through critical examination of their reality the Smiths can empower themselves to make lifestyle changes that influence their health outcomes. Heather recognized the need for enlightenment on parenting and communication. Now she has the information and support, she is able to make changes that benefit her family and can move towards emancipation. Emancipation is aimed at freedom from oppression that influences peoples lives. Through the process of enlightenment and empowerment the responsibility in relation to their health needs. They have actively made changes to improve their nutrition and communication, thus influencing their health and well being. Calgary Family Intervention Model The CFAMs counterpart, CFIM provides a model for intervention after the family assessment has occurred. In this model, an intervention is described as action or activity a health car provider performs for or with a patent of family with the intent of causing a change (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Change in this respect, mans an alteration or support of behavior that promotes the ability to provide care for a family member. Each intervention in the model is used to produce changes in the family in the way they think, feel and respond (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Types of interventions used in working with families include: 1. Commending strengths of the family or individual members. 2. Providing information and education. 3. Validating emotions. 4. Allowing them to share the experience of the illness. 5. Encouraging family support. 6. Encouraging members to provide care for the patient. 7. Encouraging respite or relief from car responsibilities when needed and 8. Maintaining family rituals (Wright and Leahey, 2000). Nursing Diagnosis 1. Potential for Social Isolation Related to Care giver stress as evidenced by decreased financial ability to arrange for alternate childcare and distance from family. 2. Increasing utilization of family and community resources. Interventions This family seems to function more in the Behavioral domain of family functioning because Heather likes to do things and get out and acquire information that may help her in one way or another There are many possible interventions for the nursing diagnosis of Potential for social Isolation. Some interventions include informing Heather of some community activities such as the WIN program where she can meet other parents and child care is provided for the duration of the meeting this could also help with financial aspect too because the WIN program offers a small monthly allowance for groceries or what ever its needed for. Encourage Heather to socialize with coworkers at work and arrange a night out every couple of weeks or so. Encourage family visitations and participation in childcare more often. There are also several interventions for the diagnosis of Increasing utilization of family and community resources. They include suggesting ways to conserve resources or to expand resources through sharing with other families or bartering time and resources. Also by discussing community resources with family to help them know what is available and how to use them, the WIN program could also come into play here. Interceptive Questions How you ask questions during the interview are extremely important because you dont want to lead the person on, so using a variety of questions to help you get the information you need is usual a good way of getting accurate information. So examples of different types of questions are as follows: Difference Question 1. Whos the best in your family to come to your aid when you need it? 2. When you were first divorced and a now a single parent what did members of you family do to help make things easier on you. Behavioral Effect Question 1. What do you do when your ex-husband is either late picking up or dropping off Brianna? 2. How often do you go out with friends and who watches Brianna? Hypothetical/future-oriented Question 1. When do you think Brianna will start asking questions about your divorce? And what will you tell her? 2. Do you think that Brianna will blame herself for the divorce? If yes how will you deal with it? Triadic Question 1. If Briannas father were willing to take her more often then once a month do you think Brianna would want that? 2. What do you think Briannas father needs to do, in order to be more involved in Briannas life? Conclusion. The increasing importance of family nursing incorporating the use of an assessment and intervention framework has been identified. The Calgary Family Assessment Model and the Calgary Family Intervention Model was used to describe all the different components of the Smith Family. These components acknowledged the extended family, subsystems, larger systems this family has contact with as well as interventions aimed at helping the family improve the quality of their lives if even only a little. Their lower socioeconomic status and struggles as a single parent family were described in relation to their developmental life cycle stage, although the CFAM does not clearly define an appropriate cycle for this family. The Smiths used a variety of communication skills to interact with each other and these skills assist in the expression of feelings and problem solving withing the family. The Smiths support systems, communication skills and nutrition were identified as strengths in relation to meeting their health needs. Smoking and finances were noted as possible weaknesses and interventions were addressed at these problems. Briannas daycare was recognized as an important community resource for this family through its provision of support and education for Heather. The nursess role is relevant in family assessment to identify the need for educator, support and enlightenment on the effects of social influences on health. As identified with the Smiths, critical social theory is an important tool for nurses in recognizing, supporting and improving the health of families. Bibliography : References Boychuk Duchscher, J. E. (1999). Catching the wave: Understanding the concept of critical thinking. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(3), 577-583 Hatrick, G. (1998). A critical pedagogy for family nursing, Journal of Nursing Education, 37(2), 80-84. Martin-Arafeh, J. M. , Watson, C. L, Mcmurtry Baird, S. (1999). Promoting Family-Centered Care in High Risk Pregnancy The Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing 13(1), 27-42 Santrock, J. W. (1997). Life-span development (6th ed. ). USA: Brown Benchmark. World Health Organization. (1986). Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Canada: World Health Organization. Wright, L. , Leahey, M. (2000). Nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and interventions (3rd ed. ). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co.

Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco

Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco The relationships between gods and mortals are one of the central themes of Greco-Roman mythology. Though gods and goddesses obtain the ultimate power and can rule over destinies of men, they not always are depicted as the voice of justice and sometimes use their might for satisfying their personal needs and compensating for the weaknesses of their character. The popularity of the theme of love affairs between the gods and the mortals can be explained with the peculiarities of the concept of divinity in Greeks and Romans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco-Roman Mythology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Along with supporting humans during their wars and interfering into the earth conflicts, gods often fell in love with mortals though it was prohibited by the divine laws. On the one hand, it can be explained with the weakness of character of gods. On the other hand, realiz ing their enormous power and lack of restraints, the divine creatures could be certain that they just could afford themselves violating the rules without fear of future punishment. There are a great number of examples when the relationships between gods and mortals ended as marriage-type of love. These include, for example, Ariadne marrying ,Dionysus, the Greek god of grape harvest and winemaking, Tithonus marrying Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, and Psyche marrying Eros (Cupid in Roman mythology), the god of sexual love. At the same time, there is a wide range of relationships between the gods and the humans without marriage, the so-called lust-type of love. These are the couples of the goddess Aphrodite and her young lover Adonis and relationships between Zeus and mortal women Alkmene, Semele, and Leda. The majority of god-mortal couples bore children who could become a Demigod or a hero. Hesiod, a Greek oral poet even compiled the prolonged lists of mortal women who had relat ionships with gods and children who were born from divine and mortal couples. â€Å"Since many aristocratic families and even entire cities traced their lineages to these heroes, this extensive list acts as a bridge between the Theogony and the world of Hesiod’s audience† (Trzaskoma 131). Thus, looking for their forefathers in these lists, ancient Greeks and Romans rationalized the beliefs in their own divine origin. The representation of the love liaisons between gods and mortals in Greek and Roman myths removes the distinct line between the divine and mortal origin of heroes and changes the traditional interpretation of the concept of divinity as the voice of justice which is deprived of biases. Another interpretation of relationships between the gods and the mortals is presented in Euripides’ play Hippolytus in which Artemis as the goddess of chastity rejects to protect her human lover Hippolytus. As opposed to numerous examples of divine lovers who protected their favourites and interfered in the earth affairs, Artemis decides to take revenge on Aphrodite who kills her lover in future by killing Aphrodite’s next mortal favorite.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goddess of chastity admits that â€Å"This is the settled custom of the gods: no one may fly in the face of anothers wish: we remain aloof and neutral† (Euripides 69). This interpretation of the divine rules contradicts a plenty of examples from the Greek and Roman myths in which the gods and goddesses make attempts to ruin plans of other gods for the purpose of achieving their own goals. At the same time, one of possible explanations of Artemis’ choice can be found in the peculiarities of her sphere. The goddess of chastity is expected to follow the rules even violating her own interests. Still, this perspective on both the relationsh ips between the gods and gods and mortals is valuable for presenting the wide range of existing approaches to defining the concept of divinity in Greeks and Romans. As opposed to pure and innocent feelings of Artemis, the plot of another Euripides’ play Ion is based on lust kind of relationships between gods and mortals. According to the myth, the god Apollo raped Creusa and she bore a child Ion, one of the main protagonists of the play. Though these events are not depicted in the work, this background information is central for interpreting the following development of the events. The play depicts the destiny of Ion who does not know who his parents are till the end when the truth is disclosed. The theme of destiny of half-divine children who are sometimes regarded as bastards is central for the play because Apollo’s act ruined lives of several mortals, making them suffer. The Apollo-Creusa liaison can be considered as one of the most disgusting examples of lust kind of relationships between the divine and mortal characters in all the Greek and Roman mythology which, however, adds new shades of meaning to the interpretation of the concept of deity by ancient people. Instead of separating the worlds of gods and mortals, Greek and Romans depict the numerous examples of liaisons between divine and human characters in their myths, expressing their unique views on deity and the weaknesses of gods. Euripides, Moses Hadas, John McLean. Ten Plays by Euripides. New York: Bantam Books. 1981. Print. Trzaskoma, Stephen, Scott Smith, and Stephen Brunet (eds.) Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in Translation. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 2004. 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Country with High Mortality Rates Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Country with High Mortality Rates - Term Paper Example Eventually, the introduction of the health insurance among the employees for most formal sectors is also explored (Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. 2004). Coupled with such efforts, there will be reforms aiming at the improvement of the application of the financial resources through the improvement of locative and technical efficiencies. Documentation of sources of health financing (in terms of external, government cooperation and funding, firms as well as households) including their contribution to the total health spending is rather separate from the private and public health expenditures through the financing agents (MOH and NGOs) (Rosner, Leppert, Degens & Ouedraogo, 2012). There is a distinguishing factor between capital and recurrent expenditure through the provision of thorough breakdown based on the major line items of salaries and drugs maintenance. 2. Location/Geography Below is a summary of the physical environment of Malawi: the percentage of irrigat ed cropland land in Malawi is 0.0%; the percentage of arable land (in 2009) is 38.2% while the percentage of the forest area to the land area (in 2010) was 34.3%. malawi’s land area as at 2010 as at 94,280.0 square kilometers. The Ministry also intends to put up with the exploration process for purposes of ensuring feasible introduction of alternative sources in terms of financing health care in Malawi. At the central level, capacity is needed to be enhanced for purposes of reliably formulating and reviewing the policies, coordinating implementation and providing support to district health care management teams (Acton, 2012). 3. Population The total Population in 2010 was at 14,900,841.0, the 2010 Population growth (annual percentage) was at 3.1%, the 2010 Population density (persons for event square kilometer) was at 158.4 (Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. 2004), the Rural population in 2010 was 11,950,474.5, the rural population per square kilometer of arable land (Rural population density) was 0.0% (Peters, 2009), the 2010 Rural population (percentage to total population) was 80.2%, the 2009 Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) was 13.1%; the 2009 Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) was 44.2%; the 2010 Mortality rate, infant (for each 1,000 live births) was 58.1% (Peters, 2009); the 2010 Mortality rate, under-5 (for each 1,000) was 92.1% and the Labor force, total in 2009 was 6,005,705.8. the total years (Life expectancy at birth) in 2009 was 52.7% and the percentage of total labor force Labor force, female in 2009 was 49.2 (Malawi. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. 2004). 4. Government Through the 1995 constitution, the president of Malawi is considered as chief of state as well as the head of government through the universal direct suffrage for each 5 years. Malawi is also ruled by a vice president who is a president electee (Ghodse, 2011). The president also has an option of appointing second vice presidents fro m different parties. This includes presidentially appointed cabinets. The cabinet members of Malawi are drawn from outside or within of the legislature(Peters, 2009). The legislature in involved in the overall overseeing of the implementation of the strategic steps in the long run by all means (Peters, 2009). 5. Economy The table below illustrates the poverty indicators in Malawi: The Income share upheld by the lowest 20% in 2004 was at 7.0%; at national

Environment of business (globalisation) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Environment of business (globalisation) - Essay Example The admission of the overseas traders in to the less developed economies is an advantage, though it presents a number of troubles. The two main drivers towards this recent increase in globalization have been opinionated as well as industrial aspects. They have led to the flourishing of trade between countries globally. â€Å"Beginning from 1950s, globalization of industries increased at a high rate† (Griffiths and Wall, 2007 p. 37). This essay gives a critical analysis of two of the main drivers of this wave, which are political forces and technological aspects. The driving force towards adopting the various forms of globalization and the consequences of these options as well as the benefits and disadvantages of globalization have been discussed. Several examples of globalization have been highlighted. In the early 1950s, leaders especially from the developed economies needed to build up scheme of making certain that a war of such intensity could never recur. This had to be realized through removal of the barriers that formed impediments to trade in order to boost success and increase interdependence amongst nations globally. Mainly the powerful were involved in developing frameworks for international trade and investment through agreements. They established key global institutions. According to (Barry 2008 p. 91), â€Å"These political powers promoted international treaties that were aimed at upholding international trade through tariff reductions and encouragement of free trade amongst its members. Barry (2008 p. 91) further states that, â€Å"By 1994, its membership included more than 100 member states†. Through it, there was a major reduction in the restrictions that hampered trade before it was established. Such restrictions included a minimum quantity of what was to be traded. Held and Mcgrew, (2000 p.18) observe that â€Å"GATT membership kept on rising, and in 1995, it was transformed in to World Trade Organization†. This was transformation was a step taken